12 Intangible assets

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CHANGES IN INTANGIBLE ASSETS BETWEEN JANUARY 1 AND DECEMBER 31, 2011
€ million		Brand names		Goodwill*		Capitalized costs for products under development		Capitalized development costs for products currently in use		Other intangible assets		Total*
* Figures adjusted because of the updated purchase price allocation for MAN.
Cost Balance at Jan. 1, 2011		1,149		3,410		2,025		13,479		2,131		22,194
Foreign exchange differences		6		12		–91		–28		64		–37
Changes in consolidated Group		1,701		912		604		1,793		4,725		9,735
Additions		–		–		1,331		336		204		1,871
Transfers		–		–		–1,068		1,069		33		35
Disposals		–		0		104		2,224		220		2,549
Balance at Dec. 31, 2011		2,857		4,334		2,696		14,425		6,937		31,248
Amortization and impairment Balance at Jan. 1, 2011		2		–		145		7,645		1,298		9,090
Foreign exchange differences		–		–		–		–22		3		–19
Changes in consolidated Group		–		–		–		–		57		57
Additions to cumulative amortization		5		–		–		1,500		660		2,164
Additions to cumulative impairment losses		35		0		41		157		11		243
Transfers		–		–		–44		44		0		0
Disposals		–		0		82		2,177		204		2,463
Reversal of impairment losses		–		–		–		–		0		0
Balance at Dec. 31, 2011		42		–		61		7,146		1,824		9,073
Carrying amount at Dec. 31, 2011		2,815		4,334		2,635		7,279		5,113		22,176

Other intangible assets comprise in particular concessions, purchased customer lists and dealer relationships, industrial and similar rights, and licenses in such rights and assets.

Sensitivity analyses have shown that it is unnecessary to recognize impairment losses on goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, including where realistic variations are applied to key assumptions.

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CHANGES IN INTANGIBLE ASSETS BETWEEN JANUARY 1 AND DECEMBER 31, 2012
€ million		Brand names		Goodwill*		Capitalized costs for products under development		Capitalized development costs for products currently in use		Other intangible assets		Total*
* Figures adjusted because of the updated purchase price allocation for MAN.
Cost Balance at Jan. 1, 2012		2,857		4,334		2,696		14,425		6,937		31,248
Foreign exchange differences		40		130		–3		25		–109		83
Changes in consolidated Group		14,239		19,472		1,017		1,254		1,524		37,505
Additions		–		–		2,174		441		379		2,994
Transfers		–		–		–2,229		2,244		–14		1
Disposals		–		–		29		965		277		1,271
Balance at Dec. 31, 2012		17,135		23,935		3,627		17,422		8,441		70,560
Amortization and impairment Balance at Jan. 1, 2012		42		–		61		7,146		1,824		9,073
Foreign exchange differences		–1		–		0		16		–9		7
Changes in consolidated Group		0		–		–		0		18		18
Additions to cumulative amortization		14		–		2		1,910		1,591		3,517
Additions to cumulative impairment losses		–		–		1		38		3		42
Transfers		–		–		–17		17		3		3
Disposals		–		–		–		939		271		1,210
Reversal of impairment losses		–		–		20		28		0		48
Balance at Dec. 31, 2012		56		–		27		8,160		3,158		11,401
Carrying amount at Dec. 31, 2012		17,079		23,935		3,599		9,262		5,282		59,158

The reported brand names mainly relate to Porsche (€13,823 million), Scania Vehicles and Services (€1,134 million), MAN Commercial Vehicles (€1,145 million), MAN Power Engineering (€470 million) and Ducati (€404 million).

€18,871 million of the goodwill recognized as of December 31, 2012 relates to Porsche, €3,260 million (previous year: €3,139 million) to Scania Vehicles and Services, €708 million (previous year: €505 million) to MAN Commercial Vehicles, €290 million to Ducati, €257 million (previous year: €254 million) to MAN Power Engineering, €161 million (previous year: €157 million) to ŠKODA and €152 million (previous year: €153 million) to Porsche Holding Salzburg. €176 million (previous year: €98 million) of the remaining amount relates to the Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles segment, €46 million (previous year: €15 million) to the Financial Services segment and €13 million (previous year: €13 million) to unallocated areas. The recoverability test for recognized goodwill is based on value in use and is not affected by a variation in the growth forecast or in the discount rate of +/–0.5 percentage points.

Of the total research and development costs incurred in 2012, €2,615 million (previous year: €1,666 million) met the criteria for capitalization under IFRSs.

The following amounts were recognized as expenses:

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€ million		2012		2011
Research and noncapitalized development costs		6,900		5,537
Amortization of development costs		1,951		1,697
Research and development costs recognized in the income statement		8,851		7,234